Counter-Diffusion System as an <i>in Vitro</i> Model in the Investigation of Proteins Involved in the Formation of Calcium Carbonate Biominerals

Mineralization in living organisms is highly regulated by the synergistic action of many macromolecules, where distinctive proteins play role direct modulators crystal growth. The number methods for vitro biomineralization studies presence limited due to influence environment on their functionality. We focus a counter-diffusion system calcium carbonate that based diffusion salt solutions through gel-matrix supplemented with protein interest. This article discusses background system, physical principles, matrices commonly use, advantages, limitations, variations, and our own experience. Special attention paid overview already published applied as model investigation carbonate. has great potential be widely used analysis biomineralization-associated process itself. perspective recalls most important theoretical basis well practical application specialists various fields biomineralization.